Two major types of discrimination concerning race, color, and national origin are addressed and prohibited under Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. An employer may be in violation of the law(s) if they:

• Fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, or origin
• Limit, segregate, or classify his employees (or applicants for employment) in any way that would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s race, color, or origin

Employers may also not publish notices or advertisements for employment indicating a preference or prohibition of a certain race or ethnicity.

Any company or organization receiving federal financial assistance from the Department of Health and Human Services may not, based on race, color, or origin:

• Deny or alter services or benefits provided to other employees
• Use methods of administration subjecting employees to discrimination
• Select a location that excludes or denies them benefits
• Deny an employee the opportunity to participate in an advisory or planning board, if the occasion arises

Under the Equal Pay Act of 1963, employers are prohibited from discriminating on the basis of an employee’s gender or sex in the payment of wages. It is illegal for employees of different sexes, with the same skills and experience, to be denied equal compensation for performing substantially equal work in the same establishment. However, sex discrimination is not limited to equal pay. Some other examples of gender or sex discrimination include:

• Hiring (e.g., an applicant, with excellent credentials and qualifications is denied employment on the basis of sex)
• Firing (e.g., a female employee is let go due to “cutbacks,” while a male employee with less seniority remains employed)
• Promotion (e.g., female employee who has been with a company for a long time is passed over for a promotion for a male with less experience)
• Job Classification (e.g., female employee denied right to a title that would typically be given to a man with the same responsibilities; compensation is often adjusted by job classification)
• Benefits (e.g, requiring female employees to use sick and vacation days for maternity leave, while offering long-term disability plans for male employees who sustain an injury)
• Training Opportunities (e.g., sending employees of only one sex for special training sessions that are developed to enhance job performance)

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 protects employees over the age of 40 from discrimination in the workplace. Under the Act, employers are prohibited from:

• Refusing to hire or discharging an employee due to their age
• Offering different compensation, terms, or conditions of employment due to someone's age
• Limiting, segregating, or classifying an employee in a way that would adversely affect their employment opportunities due to their age

Employers and employment agencies may not fail or refuse to refer an individual for employment on the basis of age.

Titles I and V of the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits employment discrimination of qualified individuals due to a disability. This applies to both private and government positions. Acts of discrimination based on disability may include:

• Denying an aid, benefit, or service that is provided to other employees
• Refusing to engage in the interactive process to discuss reasonable accommodations for an employee with a disability
• Providing different aids, benefits, or services unless necessary
• Denying the opportunity to participate as a member for a planning or advisory board
• Imposing eligibility criteria that screen out those with disabilities, unless vital to the execution of the position
• Administering programs, services, and activities that do not meet the needs of qualified individuals with disabilities

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in hiring, firing, and other terms of employment based on a person’s religious affiliation or beliefs. Religion is broadly defined to include “moral or ethical beliefs about right are wrong that are sincerely held with the strength of traditional religious views.” The Act requires employers to accommodate the religious practices of an employee unless doing so would create an undue hardship for the company. The Act is intended to protect employees from intimidation, abusive ridicule, insults, or slurs and ensure a safe and non-hostile work environment.

The Act prohibits harassment or other discrimination based on:

• Affiliation (affiliating with a particular religious group)
• Physical or Cultural Traits (e.g., accent, language, or dress related to the religion)
• Perception (the mere belief an employee or potential employee is a member of a particular religious group)
• Association (a relationship or connection with a person or organization of a particular religion)

To protect employees who want to file a lawsuit or complaint against their employer, state and federal labor laws prohibit employers from engaging in retaliatory behavior. If an employee files a lawsuit or complaint for racial discrimination in the workplace, employers are prohibited, by law, from terminating, demoting, harassing, refusing promotions, altering benefits, forcing an unpaid leave of absence, or changing job assignments in retaliation.

Employees who have filed a lawsuit or complaint concerning racial discrimination in the workplace and have experienced retaliation may be entitled to additional damages.

Under Title VII, victims of discrimination may be entitled to:

• Job reinstatement and promotion
• Wage recovery and other job-related losses
• Financial damages
• Injunctive relief (a company is forced to amend its policies for the purpose of stopping discrimination)
• Payment of lawyer fees

Before a lawsuit may be filed by the employee, a formal complaint must be registered with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The organization determines whether there can be an amicable solution between the employer and employee. If the case cannot be resolved, it may either launch a civil lawsuit on the employee’s behalf or give that power to the employee himself with a “right to sue” letter.

Charges must be filed within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory act, so do not hesitate to contact one of our employment discrimination attorneys.

To discuss your situation with a Morgan & Morgan discrimination attorney, fill out our free, no obligation consultation form.

Title IX is a federal civil rights law that makes it illegal for K-12 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational institutions to discriminate, harass, or retaliate on the basis of gender.

The law covers issues including:

• Access to higher education
• Equal opportunity in athletics
• Sexual harassment
• Education for parenting and pregnant students
• Employment issues (e.g, pay equity, pregnancy claims, tenure)
• Discrimination based on sexual orientation
• Retaliation for complaining about discrimination (e.g, harassment, pay decrease, demotion, termination)

Our attorneys represent students, teachers, professors, coaches, and other victims of Title IX violations. If you believe you may have a claim, contact us.